What causes decubitus ulcers?

Decubitus ulcers, commonly known as pressure ulcers or bedsores, are primarily caused by pressure on the skin against bony structures. This pressure restricts blood flow to the area, leading to skin and tissue damage. When the blood supply is compromised for an extended period, the tissues become ischemic (lack of blood flow) and can begin to break down, resulting in an ulcer.

The development of decubitus ulcers is particularly prevalent in individuals who are immobile or have limited mobility, as they may remain in one position for extended periods. Understanding this mechanism is key in both the prevention and treatment of these ulcers, as regular repositioning of patients is vital in alleviating pressure on susceptible areas of the skin.

While inadequate nutrition, infection, and excessive moisture can contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers, they do so more as contributing factors rather than primary causes. Proper nutrition supports skin integrity and healing, while controlling moisture reduces the risk of maceration and subsequent infection, yet the initial and most direct cause remains the continuous pressure against the skin over bony prominences.