What characterizes tardive dyskinesia?

Tardive dyskinesia is primarily characterized by involuntary movements, particularly of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. This condition often occurs as a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications, especially those that block dopamine receptors in the brain. The hallmark signs include repetitive, involuntary movements such as grimacing, tongue protrusions, and rhythmic movements of arms and legs. This sets it apart from other conditions that might involve psychological symptoms or acute episodes, as it is specifically related to involuntary motor control rather than changes in mood, behavior, or anxiety. Understanding this characteristic is crucial for recognizing and managing tardive dyskinesia effectively in patients receiving antipsychotic treatment.